Finitzo-Heiber T and Tillman: Room acoustics effects on monosyllabic word discrimination ability for normal and hearing impaired children. J Speech Hear Res 1978; 21:440-458
Nabelek, A. Mason,D.(1981) Effect of Noise and Reverberation on Binaural and Monaural Word Identification by Subjects With various Audiograms. J. Speech Hea REs 24:375-383
Evaluation of Acoustical Conditions for Speech Communication in Active Elementary School Classrooms, Hiroshi Sato and John S. Bradley, 2004, Tohoku University, Japan/IRC-NRC, Canada, National Research Council Canada
Bronzaft,Dr. Arline, Dr. Dennis McCarthy ( 1975)
Bronzaft&McCarthy (1975)
J.S.Bradley: Speech Intelligibility Studies in Classrooms, J.Acoust. Soc. Am.80,846-854 (1986)
Pearsons, K.S., Bennet, R.L. and Fidell, S.:Speech Levels in Various Noise Environments ( Report No. EPA-600/1-77-025) Washington (1977)
Noise and Reverberation Effects in Minimal Bilateral Sensorineural hearing loss,
Noise Effects on Children With Minimal Sensorineural Hearing Loss, Carl Crandell,PhD.,CCC-A.( 1993) Ear and Hearing, 14(3), 210-216.
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Children With Minimal Sensorineural hearing loss : Prevelence, Educational Performance, and Functional Status. Bess, Dodd-Murphy, J., Parker, R., ( 1998)Ear and Hear, 19,339-354
Speech Perception in Noise Using FM-Technology, Carl Crandell,PhD.,CCC-A, M Lewis, PhD.,CCC-A, Michael Valente, PhD, CCC-A
Effects of Mild and Moderate Hearing Impairments on Language, Educational, and Psyhosocial Behavior of Children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, Volume 51,p.61 , Davis,JM., Elfenbein,J., Schum,R., Bentler,R.(1986)
Young Listeners in Noise, Nelson & Soli 2000
Ability to Listen in Noise. Stelmachowicz et al 2000
J.S. Bradley: Speech Intelligibility Test for Results for Grades 1,3, and 6 children in real classrooms. Proceedings of ICA, Kyoto ( 2004)
Lane, H.L.,and Tranel B. The Lombard sign and the role of hearing in speech, J.Speech Hear . Res.(14),677-709(1971)
M.R. Hodgson and Eva marie Nosal: Effect of noise and occupancy on optimal reverberation times for speech intelligibility in classrooms, J. Acoust. Soc. Am.111,931-939 (1999)
Anderson ( 2001) Children need a quieter environment and a louder signal tahn adults in order to learn.
Effects of Minimal Hearing Loss on Student Performance in the Classroom, "There are an estimated 8 million children in North America who have some degree of hearing loss."Michigan State University, "http://www.google.com/u/michstate?q=hearing+loss"
Chronic Noise Exposure and Reading Deficits:The Mediating Effects of Language Acquisition. Environment and Behavior,29(5) pp.638-656
Nonauditory Effects of Noise on Children: A Critical REview.Children's Environments,10(1),pp.31-51
Classroom Acoustics For Children With Normal Hearing and With Hearing Impairment ( See below)
"Design of Child Care Centers and Effects of noise on Young Children" Dr. Lorraine Maxwell, Dr. Gary Evans, Cornell University http://www.designshare.com/Research/LMaxwell?NoiseChildren.htm"
Gengel RW, Pascoe D., Shore I."A Frequency-response Procedure for Evaluating and Selecting Hearing Aids for Severely Hearing-Impaired Children.: J SPeech Hearing Disord. (1971) Aug:36 (3), pp.341-53
Hawkins,D.(1984)Comparisons of Speech Recognition in Noise by Mildly-to-Moderately Hearing Impaired Children Using Hearing Aids and FM systems. J Speech Hear Disord 49:409-418
Speech Perception Benefits of FM and Infrared Devices to Children With Hearing Aids in a Typical Classroom ( Anderson, Goldstein ) "http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3807/is_200404/ai_n9404696?pg_3
Bennetts, Lee K., Flynn,Mark C, ERIC EJ645048 Improving the Classroom Listening SKills of Children with Down Syndrome using Sound Field Amplification, 2002
PAPERS ON CLASSROOM ACOUSTICS
Americas need for Standards and Guidelines to Ensure Satisfactory Classroom Acoustics, David Lubman , David Lubman and Associates "http://www.acoustics.org/press/133rd/2paaa1.html"
Impact of Hearing Loss on Children in Typical School Environments, Peggy Nelson, University of Maryland School of Medicine. "http://www.acoustics.org/press/133rd/2paaa2.html"
New Standards Should help Schools in Noisy Classrooms, Dianne Weaver Dunne, Eduction World(School Administrators Article)-online
The Case for Good Acoustics at Daycare Centers, M. Nixon,2003, Hearing Health, Deafness Research Foundation, http://www.hearinghealthmag.com/articles/daycare.html
Voicing Concern about Noisy Classrooms, Karen Anderson 2001, Journal article, Educational Leadership
Berg, Frederick S., and others, Classroom Acoustics: The Problem, Impact, and Solution, 2000, Journal Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, ERIC
Under Construction
NOISE LEVELS IN AMERICAN CLASSROOMS, Sieben, (1997) found S/N ratios in classrooms ranged from between -7 to +5dBA.Sieben et al 1997 reported on some American and European studies where R/Ts ranged from 0.4-1.2 seconds.
NOISE LEVELS in NEW ZEALAND CLASSROOMS
Coddington, 1984 tested two rooms and found R/T's of 0.73 and 0.76 seconds.
Harper ( 1995) measured R/T's in five Auckland Primary Schools and they ranged from 0.37-0.56 with a mean of 0.43s.
Blake and Busby 1994, Reported median S/N ratios of +1 in multifunction activity(group) and +10dB in single function teaching activities.
Harper 1995
Bess, 1999
Crandell, Smaldino, 2000
Flexer, 1994
Flexer, 1999
Noise Conditions in Normal Classrooms" Exceptional Child. Number 31.pp.344-353
Gravel, Wallace, & Ruben, 1996
Nelson & Soli, 2000
"Noise Conditions in Normal School Classrooms" Exceptional Child. Number 31, pp.344-353.
A Longitudional Study of Intellectually Gifted Deaf and Hard of Hearing People, American Annals of the Deaf, 138 (5): 427-34
Brewer, D.M., Yaffee-Oziel,S., Walton, R.T.(1993)
ARTICLES
Classroom Acoustics and Learning"http://www.lhh.org/noise/children/acoustics.htm"
PAPERS
Lubman, David and Louis Sutherland, The Impact of Classroom Acoustics on Scholastic Achievment, 2001"http://www.nonoise.org/quietnet/qc/ICA2001.htm"
EXCELLENT AUDIO FILES AND SIMULATIONS!!!
Impact of Hearing Loss on Children in Typical School Environments, Peggy Nelson, Acoustical Society of America, 133rd Meeting Lay Language Papers. This includes several audio files simulating a 20dB decrease in hearing, simulated with the readers voice dropping 20dB, a 0dB signal to noise ratio, and different reverberation times). "http://www.acoustics.org/press/133rd/2paa2.html"
Quotes from Studies
"Children with hearing impairments are usually found to have reduced Short Term Memory spans for their age." (Hanson, 1991)
Also See These Resources and ARTICLES:
An Update of Classroom Acoustics for Children with Hearing Impairment. Crandell, Carl: Smaldino, Joseph J.Volta Review; v96 n4 p291-306 Fall 1994
Minimal Hearing Loss is Not Minimal, Joan Kaderavek, Lori Pakulski "http://journals.sped.org/EC/Archive_Articles/ VOL.34NO.6JULYAUGUST2002_TEC_Article__2.pdf.
Mild Hearing Loss, "http://www.advanceforaud.com/resources/aa-ma01-pg26.pdf."
Noise and Children, League for the Hard of Hearing, "http://www.lhh.org/noise/children/index.htm" and
"http://www.lhh.org/noise/children/acoustics.htm"
Beware: Noise is Hazardous to our Children's Development, Hearing Rehabilitation Quarterly, Volume 22, No 1, (circa 1998)
Classroom Acoustics Quieting the Classroom, Not the Students, ( http://deafness.about.com/cs/educationgeneral/a/classroomnoise.htm
FAQ on Classroom Management of Children with Minimal Hearing loss, by Carol Flexer, http://www.totalhearing.net/child-faq_management.htm
Hearing Deficits in Children, http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section19/chapter260/260kjsp
Impact of Hearing Loss on Children in Typical School Environments, Peggy Nelson http://www.acoustics.org/press/133rd/2paaa2.html
The Effects of Minimal Hearing Loss on Student Performance in the Classroom "http://www.msu.edu/~huffma23/"
RESEARCH: Classroom Acoustics for Children With Normal Hearing and With Hearing Impairment, Crandell, Smaldino as HTML "http://www.phonicear.ca/resourcefiles/PhonicEar-ClassroomAcousticsForChildrenWithNormalAndHearingImpairment.pdf." or asPDF/Adobe Acrobat-"http://www.phonicear.ca/.../PhonicEarClassroomAcousticsForChildrenWithNormalHearingAndWithHearingImpairment.pdf
Remember, "Children with hearing loss require a greater signal to noise ratio."
ALSO VISIT:
The Acoustical Society of America has a booklet on Classroom Acoustics
National Clearinghouse for Educational Facilities
Institute of Noise Control
Educational Audiology Association
The Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Boys Town National Research Hospital www.boystown.org/btnrh
Educational Audiology Association www.edaud.org
Understanding your Audiogram
http://www.audiology.org/consumer/guides/uya.php?cookietest=1
Noise and Childrens Health. League for the Hard of Hearing. Retrieved Dec.16,2002 http://www.lhh.org/noise/children/health.htm
15. Have you heard? Noise can effect education. Education World Learning. Retrieved Dec.16,2002 from http://www.education-world.com/a_curr/curr011.shtml/
Can You Hear Me Now? Susan Black "http://www.asbj.com/2003/05/0503research.html" www.ear-hearing.com
Developmental Consequences of Hearing loss. Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 8(5):431-435, October 2000 Hall, Joseph W. IIIPhD; Grose, John H.PhD; Drake, Amelia F. MD; Pillsbury, Harold C.MD
Children with Cochlear Implants are also Considered Hard of Hearing, "http://www.cici.org/vo117n3.html"
Classroom Amplification Equipment, Not Just for Hearing Impaired Anymore, Compiled by Jean Clements"http://www.framingham.k12.ma.us/mccarthy/clements.htm "
FM SYSTEMS
Lewis,MS (2002) Speech Perception in Noise. Directional Microphones versus Frequency Modulation (FM Systems. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertaton University of Florida, Gainesville
ACOUSICS AND SOUND FIELD
Crandell, C. Smaldino(2000) Room Acoustics and Amplification. In Valente,M.,Roeser.,and Hosford -Dunn,H(Eds) Audiology: Treatment Strategies, new York
Crandell, Flewer,C.(1995) Sound Field Amplification. Theory and Practive San Diego Singlar Publishing
Other
"Inner Hair Cell Regeneration: The Research and Its Implications for Restoration of Hearing in Humans" Rubel, EW "http://depts.washington.edu/hearing/Hair%20Cells.html."
http://www.customalhear.com/resources/sound_a.html
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The following sites provide information on Moderate Hearing Loss in children and the Impact of Acoustics on Language and Learning. More information will be added soon.
